Passive Voice (Edilgen Çatı: -il, -in) in Turkish

The Passive Voice (Edilgen Çatı) shifts focus from the agent of the action to the patient or result. The original direct object becomes the syntactic subject of the passive clause.

Suffix formation rules: 1. Consonant stems (except stems ending in L): Take -(I)l (-ıl, -il, -ul, -ül): - yap-mak → yap-ıl-mak (to be done) - yaz-mak → yaz-ıl-mak (to be written) - sat-mak → sat-ıl-mak (to be sold) - gör-mek → gör-ül-mek (to be seen). 2. Stems ending in L or vowels: Take -(I)n (-ın, -in, -un, -ün / -n): - al-mak (to take) → al-ın-mak (to be taken / received) - bul-mak (to find) → bul-un-mak (to be found / located) - oku-mak (to read) → oku-n-mak (to be read) - temizle-mek (to clean) → temizle-n-mek (to be cleaned). 3. Agent in Passive Sentences: When the real agent is explicitly stated in a passive clause, Turkish uses the postposition tarafından (by) or the institutional suffix -cA: Proje mühendisler tarafından hazırlandı (The project was prepared by the engineers); Kanun Meclisce onaylandı (The law was approved by Parliament). 4. Impersonal Passives: Intransitive verbs can form impersonal passives: Burada sigara içilmez (Smoking is not permitted here, literally 'Here it is not smoked').