Causative Voice (Ettirgen Çatı: -dir, -t, -ir) in Turkish

The Turkish Causative Voice (Ettirgen / Oldurgan Çatı) turns verbs into causative constructions ('to make/have/let someone do something'). Turkish accomplishes causativity morphologically through dedicated verbal suffixes rather than auxiliary verbs:

1. Suffix Selection Rules: - -DIr (most common on consonant stems): yap-tırmak (to have done), yaz-dırmak (to have written), sev-dirmek (to make love), öl-dürmek (to kill / cause to die). - -t (used on multi-syllable stems ending in vowels, r, or l): temizle-t-mek (to have cleaned), yıka-t-mak (to have washed), oku-t-mak (to have read / educate). - -Ir / -Ar / -It (on select single-syllable roots): iç-ir-mek (to make drink / feed), düş-ür-mek (to drop), çık-ar-mak (to extract/remove), kork-ut-mak (to frighten). 2. Case Marking of the Causee / Agent: - If the original base verb is intransitive (geçişsiz), the causee becomes a direct object in the accusative (-i): Çocuk uyudu → Anne çocuğu uyuttu (The mother put the child to sleep). - If the original base verb is already transitive (geçişli), the secondary agent/causee takes the dative (-e / -a): Ali arabayı tamir etti → Ali arabayı ustaya tamir ettirdi (Ali had the mechanic repair the car). 3. Double Causatives: Suffixes can be chained for delegated causality: temizle-t-tir-mek (to have someone get something cleaned).