Causative Voice (Өзгелік етіс) in Kazakh

In Kazakh, the *Causative Voice (Өзгелік етіс) transforms a verb so that the grammatical subject is no longer the direct performer of the action, but rather the initiator, instigator, commissioner, or permitter who causes another agent (өзге біреу*) to perform it (corresponding to English 'make do, have done, let do').

Causative Suffix Allomorphs: 1. -дыр / -дір, -тыр / -тір: Attached to polysyllabic or sonorant-final roots: - жаз (write) → жаз-дыр* (to have someone write) - кел (come) → кел-тір (to bring / cause to come) - біл (know) → біл-дір (to inform / let know) - айт (say) → айт-тыр (to make someone say). 2. -қыз / -гіз, -ғыз / -гіз: Attached to roots ending in р, л, й, у, з or specific consonants: - оқы (read/study) → оқы-т / жат → жат-қыз (to lay someone down) - ен (enter) → ен-гіз (to introduce / input) - өт (pass) → өт-кіз (to pass through / conduct). 3. -т: Attached to stems ending in vowels (а, е, ы, і): - тазала (clean) → тазала-т (to have something cleaned) - оқы (read) → оқы-т (to teach / have read) - сөйле (speak) → сөйле-т (to make speak). 4. -ыр / -ір, -ар / -ер: Archaic/lexicalized causatives: піс → піс-ір (to cook), ұш → ұш-ыр* (to fly something).

Double Causation: Causatives can be stacked for indirect causation: жаз-дыр-т (to cause someone to have someone write). The caused agent is marked in the Dative Case: Мұғалім оқушыға кітапты оқытты (The teacher had the student read the book).