Passive Voice (Ырықсыз етіс) in Kazakh

In Kazakh, the *Passive Voice (Ырықсыз етіс)* demotes the original subject/agent, promoting the logical direct object to the grammatical subject of the clause. The verb receives one of two sets of passive suffixes governed by phonological rules:

1. Standard Passive Suffix (-ыл / -іл, -л): - Attached after stems ending in consonants other than л: - жаз (write) → жаз-ыл* (to be written) - аш (open) → аш-ыл (to be opened) - көр (see) → көр-іл (to be seen) - тап (find) → таб-ыл (to be found, with п → б voicing). - Attached as -л after vowel stems: - баста (begin) → баста-л (to be begun) - сана (count) → сана-л (to be counted) - тазала (clean) → тазала-*л (dissimilated to тазалан-). 2. Dissimilation Suffix (-ын / -ін / -н) after stems ending in 'л': - When a verb root ends in the lateral sonorant л, attaching -ыл would cause an awkward cluster л+ыл; hence, Kazakh obligatorily substitutes -ын / -ін: - ал (take) → ал-ын* (to be taken, NOT алыл-) - қыл (do) → қыл-ын (to be done) - бөл (divide) → бөл-ін (to be divided) - сал (put/build) → сал-ын* (to be built).

Agent Marking: When the logical agent is explicitly expressed, it takes the postposition арқылы (via) or the instrumental/ablative case (халық тарапынан = by the people).