Adverbial Participles (Glagolski prilozi: -ći and -vši) in Serbian

In Serbian grammar, *Adverbial Participles (Glagolski prilozi) are non-finite, indeclinable verbal adverbs that express secondary background actions performed by the same subject* as the main predicate:

*1. Present Adverbial Participle (Glagolski prilog sadašnji: -ći): - Formed exclusively from Imperfective Verbs (Nesvršeni glagoli) by adding suffix -ći to the 3rd person plural of the present tense: - čitaju + ći → čitajući (while reading) - govore + ći → govoreći (while speaking) - pišu + ći → pišući (while writing) - idu + ći → idući (while walking / going). - Denotes an action occurring simultaneously with the main verb: Šetajući parkom, sreo sam profesora.* (While walking in the park, I met the professor).

*2. Past Adverbial Participle (Glagolski prilog prošli: -vši / -avši): - Formed exclusively from Perfective Verbs (Svršeni glagoli) by attaching suffix -vši (after vowel stems) or -avši (after consonant stems) to the infinitive stem: - pročitati → pročitavši (having finished reading) - uraditi → uradivši (having done) - reći (rekavši) → rekavši (having said) - doći → došavši (having arrived). - Denotes an action completed prior to the main verb: Završivši posao, otišao je kući.* (Having finished work, he went home).

Syntactic Constraint: The agent of the participle MUST be identical to the subject of the finite main clause.